Confocal Microscopy Internet Resources 
The increasing popularity of confocal microscopy has resulted in a wealth of online resources covering history, theory, and practical applications. Microscopists at all levels—from beginners to professionalscan benefit from these curated categories.
1. General Information
Resources covering the fundamentals of confocal microscopy, including its history, instrumentation, theory, and typical applications in biology and materials science.
2. Area Array (CCD & CMOS) Detectors
Modern microscopy has largely shifted from film to digital imaging. Choosing the right imaging device is critical. Online resources provide guidance on CCD and CMOS detectors, including specifications, performance comparisons, and vendor information.
3. Digital Image Processing & Analysis
Advanced software is essential for acquisition, processing, archiving, and analyzing digital images. These resources offer access to both commercial and open-source solutions for quantitative analysis and visualization of microscopic data.
4. Fluorescence Filters
Confocal imaging relies on selecting specific excitation and emission wavelengths. Many manufacturers provide interference filters with a range of bandpass profiles. Custom filters can also be fabricated for specialized applications.
5. Fluorescent Probes
Fluorescent probes are critical for visualizing cellular structures and physiological processes. Resources include databases and distributors offering a wide variety of probes for live and fixed specimens.
6. FluoView™ Users Resources
The FluoView™ laser scanning confocal microscope is widely used for applications in cell biology, neuroanatomy, toxicology, molecular genetics, and zoology. These resources provide manuals, protocols, and user forums from universities and research institutions.
7. Laser Systems
Lasers are the most common light source in confocal microscopy. Online resources cover the principles, types, and applications of lasers, from Argon-ion and HeNe to diode-pumped systems.
8. Live Cell Imaging
Resources provide protocols, tips, and forums for imaging living cells and tissues. Topics include maintaining cell viability, environmental control, and minimizing phototoxicity during imaging.
9. Microscopy Courses & Workshops
Numerous universities and research organizations offer training, workshops, and symposia on confocal microscopy. These resources list recurring and one-off educational opportunities for students and professionals.
10. Microscopy Specimen Chambers
Specialized chambers and holders are essential for live-cell and tissue imaging. Resources provide guidance on selecting the right chamber for temperature control, gas exchange, and optical accessibility.
11. Photometric Detectors
Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are commonly used for photon detection in confocal systems. Online resources cover suppliers, specifications, and conceptual explanations for these detectors.
12. Three-Dimensional Volume Rendering
Confocal stacks are inherently two-dimensional. Software for 3D volume rendering allows visualization of complex structures. Many tools are free or open-source, enabling sophisticated analysis and presentation of volumetric data.